Building a Table: What You Need to Know
A table is one of the first “real” furniture projects most woodworkers tackle. Simple in concept – flat top, four legs – but the details matter for something sturdy and attractive.
Start With Design
Standard dining table height: 29-30 inches. Coffee table: 16-18 inches. Desk: 28-30 inches. Start there and adjust for your needs.
Sketch it out. Figure out dimensions before cutting anything. Include how the apron (the frame under the top) will attach, and how legs will connect.
Wood Selection
Hardwoods (oak, maple, walnut) make better tables than softwoods. They dent less and hold up to use. Pine works for rustic farmhouse style but dings easily.
Buy more than you need. Some boards will have defects you can’t use. 15-20% extra is reasonable.
The Tabletop
Most tabletops are multiple boards glued edge-to-edge. Arrange the boards for best grain match before gluing. Alternate grain direction if you want to minimize cupping.
Glue-up requires clamps. Lots of clamps. Use flat cauls across the top to keep everything aligned.
After glue dries, flatten with a hand plane, belt sander, or take it somewhere with a drum sander. You need it flat.
The Apron and Legs
The apron is the frame that goes under the tabletop, connecting to the legs. It provides structure and a mounting surface.
Mortise and tenon joints are traditional and strongest. Pocket screws are easier and adequate for many tables. Corner brackets work too.
Legs can be simple square stock, turned, tapered, whatever style you’re going for. Make sure they’re identical in length or the table will rock.
Attaching the Top
Don’t just screw the top directly to the apron. Wood expands and contracts across the grain. Use figure-8 fasteners, z-clips, or elongated screw holes to allow movement.
Ignore this and you’ll get cracks or the top will warp.
Finishing
Tables take abuse. Use a durable finish. Polyurethane is tough. Oil finishes look great but need reapplication. For a dining table, consider something food-safe if you’re paranoid about it.
Common Mistakes
Not flattening the top properly. Wobbly legs from uneven cuts. Joints that aren’t square. Apron too thin to be rigid. Rushing the glue-up before things are aligned.
Take your time. A table you’ll use for years deserves patience in the build.
